Ethers

Ethers are commonly used in manufacturing. 


Ethers have a definite bond angles of 104.5 degrees and have low boiling points. 

There general structure is:


Each 'R' represents a Carbon chain.  They are not necessarily the same.  They are connected by an Oxygen atom which is single bonded to both of them.

Rules for naming:
1) Identify the longest Carbon chain attatched to the Oxygen.  Name it.
2) Take the other chain and treat it like an alkyl group.  However, first take off the'yl' and add 'oxy'

Fairly simple and straightforward for once!!! So let's do a harder example right away!

Find the longest chain, butane.  Then there is the ether, which is not located on the first Carbon.  However, the side group is still methyl.  So the molecule is 2-methoxybutane!

Esters

Esters are mostly used in plastics and as food flavourings.  Do you like orange, or apple, or pear? Here are some structures and the wonderful flavours they produce.

Because they have no free 'OH' groups, they have a tendancy to be insoluable in water.  They are known as acid derivatives.  Often they have a pleasant and fruity odour.

So what do they look like?

Like always, the 'R' represents a Carbon chain.  R' means that there is another Carbon chain but is not necessarily the same as the other.  All esters have a double bonded oxygen as well as another oxygen(single bonded).

Esters are side groups(substituents), so when you name them, the single bonded oxygen is the start of your side chain. The double bonded Oxygen already has a full shell so it is unlikely to react/have other bonds.  

Rules for naming:

1) Name the main chain.  Take off the 'e' and add 'oate' to the end.

2) The side group starts after the oxygen.  Count the number of Carbons in the chain attatched to it.

3) Name this group as an alkyl.

Let's practise:

First we identify the main chain, which is propane.  Then we take off the 'e' and add the suffix 'oate'. Thus: propanoate.  Now we need to name the side chain.  It's methyl, so its final name is methylpropanoate.

Here's a cool little video about a queen and king to help you remember esters:

Esters Fairytale

Carboxylic Acids

Where would our world be without painkillers like aspirin?

Organic acids are very important in todays society.  Some other uses of carboxylic acids include: in medicine, and food, as preservatives, and the manufacturing of soap, rayon, rubber, and various perfumes. 

They are polar compounds and generally have high boiling points.  Although they have they word 'acid' in their name, many are just weak acids.  The majority produce strong odours. 

The general formula of a carboxylic acid is:



'R' represents a Carbon chain.  In a organic acid, there is always a double bonded Oxygen with a OH group.  Does this remind you of something??? It should.  Carboxylic acids = Alcohol + Aldehyde!

Rules that you must follow-from the IUPAC (it's not me setting these rules)

1) Identify the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group and OH at the end.

2) Assign each Carbon a number.  Give #1 to the Carbon bonded to these groups.

3) Count the number of Carbons.  This will be your parent chain so name the chain as if it were an alkane.

4) Take the 'ane' off the end and add the suffix 'oic acid'.

5) Name the other branches and add them to the name at the beginning.  Arrange them in alphabetical order.  

Shall we do some practise?

So we know that this is a carboxylic acid because of the elements in red.  Now we have to count the number of Carbons: 5.  So the alkane version would be pentane, but because it's an organic acid,  we replace the 'ane' with 'oic acid'.  Thus, it becomes pentanoic acid.  We don't need to say 1-pentanoic acid because the 1 is implied. 



Need more help, watch this video:

Khan- carboxylic acids

How are differnet flavours made? They are made by different combinations of alcohols and carboxylic acids!





Ketones

Are you tired of all the functional groups? Try this song, by the band the Keytones.  It might just brighten your day and making studying a little more pleasant!  Their name's not quite the same, but I accidently stumbled on it because I have horrible spelling.

The Keytones- It's Good to be Alive

Keytones have a variety of uses.  They can be uses as welding agents, industrial solvents, and is a type of sugar.

Erythlurose: ketone sugar found in rasberries.

Ketone bodies are three molecules used in our bodies.  They are used as an energy source for our hearts and brain.  As you can see, they are very important!

Keytones are often acidic.As well, often they  form cyclic patterns.

 

There general structure is:

Each 'R' stands for a Carbon chain.  R' means that the Carbon chain may or may not be different from the one on the left.  As you can see, there is once again another Carbonyl group.  The Oxygen is double bonded to the Carbon(the intersection).

What's the difference between Aldehydes and keytones? Aldehydes are only bonded to one Carbon chain whereas ketones are bonded to two.  Remember: R and R'.  An easy way to remember is:

aldeHYDes have HYDrogens and Ketones have Karbon chains.

It's like Ariel and her sisters all over again, but this time it's a different sister. 

Rules for naming ketones.

1) Identify the longest carbon chain.

2) Assign each Carbon a number.  Give the lowest numbers possible.  Instead of 4,4,5 make it 1,2,2. 

3) Count the number of Carbons.  This will be your parent chain so name the chain as if it were an alkane.

4) Take the 'ane' off the end and add the suffix 'one'.

5) The ketone isn't necessarily at the beginning of the chain so you must dicate its location.

6)Name the other substituents and add them to the name at the beginning.  Arrange them in alphabetical order.  

 

Let's do some practise.

Count the number of Carbons.  There are 6, so the chain without the double bonded Oxygen would be hexane.  Then add the suffix 'one' by taking off 'ane'.  But note that the Carbonyl group isn't on the '1' Carbon so you need to give it the lowest possible number(2).  Write the number before the chain name.  Therefore 2-hexanone.

 

Now let's do a slightly trickier one.

Find the longest chain of Carbons with the Carbonyl group.  You see that the chain will be 4 Carbons long and that there will be an extra methyl group.  Add this after naming the main chain.  The double bonded Oxygen sits on the second Carbon so the parent chain is 2-butanone. The methyl group sits on the third Carbon so the name is 3-methyl.  Put the two together and, voila! 3-methyl-2-butanone!