THE NAME'S BOND. CHEMICAL BOND.

When particles are charged, they are either going to attract or repel each other. As a result from this attraction/repulsion, there is a force. This is force is the... 

                                        
                                                  ELECTROSTATIC FORCE!

There are different relationships for different particles:

1. Like charges repel
2. Opposite charges attract
3. The greater the distance between particles, the less electrostatic force there is
4. The less distnace between particles, the more electrostatic force there is

**Electrostatic charge is applied in ALL DIRECTIONS. We tend to think that the attraction/repulsion only occurs in one direction, but in fact it's in every direction!

                       

                          

                      This image shows force that occurs in ALL DIRECTIONS!



Ionic Bonding

• ionic bonding occurs between the attraction of a postive ion to a negative ion
• electrons are transferred from one ion to another
• atoms will transfer electrons in order to try to gain a closed shell *electrons are transferred, not shared!!*
• transfer of electrons creates one positive or negative ion
• positive ions usually lose their valence electrons, negative ions usually gain these valence electrons
• the bond between the ions is so strong that requires a huge amount of energy to break the bonding

You see how in the above image the positive ions (Na, Mg, Ca) transfer their electrons to the negative ions (Cl, O, Cl)? And now they all have full shells!

(Non-Polar) Covalent Bonding

• bonding between 2 negative ions
• non-polar bonding is when the 2 ions share their electrons equally in order to obtain full shells
• this bonding occurs because the atoms are attracted to the nucleus of each other
• non-metals have a big electronegativity, therefore covalent bonding is really strong difficult to break

In the above image the negative ions are sharing the same number of electrons with each other!



Although electrostatic force is the force holding particles together, there are different forces in the structure of the molecule:

Intramolecular force - force that holds the atoms in a molecule

Intermolecular force - force that holds molecules together